I got bored,So tought of writing a paper on IP-V6,

Paper/Tutorial name: Basics of IP-V6 Addressing
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Paper/Tutorial name:Basics of IP-V6 Addressing

Written by: mandi

For: Iexploit.

Difficulty: Intermediate to Advanced(Because you need to have some fundamental knowledge about the ip-v4 addressing scheme)
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1)Introduction

2)Structure and Shortening of an IP-v6 Address

3)Advantages and issues over IP-V6 Addressing
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Introduction:

IP-V6 was originally Designed in order to address the issues in IP-V4 Addressing scheme,And also it will be the future IP addressing scheme,Because we are running out of IP-V4 Address ,So it is time for migration,Yes there are many networks in japan and other countries started to use IP-V6 Addressing schemes,It is often called as Internet-v2.

even tough most us heard about IP-V6, many of us Don't know it's structure and various schemes,So i hope this paper would At-least Give you some fundamental or basic ideas about the IP-V6 Addressing schemes

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2) Types and working Fact of IP-V6 Addressing:

Below are some facts you need to remember about ip-v6 Addressing

1) IP-V6 Addresses are 128-bits long

2)unlike ip-v4 addressing you can use hexadecimals(0-F) in the addressing field of the IP-V6 Address,Also you can not use any thing other than 0-9,a-f in the Addressing field

Example for a Valid Ip-v6 Address



In this ip-v6 Address


Represents Global prefix



-Represents sub-net


- Represents Interface ID


3)There is No broadcast in ip-v6 Addressing,Because it poses lot of drawback and if needed we can achieve a broadcast with a uni-cast

4)It can provide A total of


(I am not a math genius,So count this your-self!!! )


4)In ip-v4 address .(dot) is used to separate the values, here in ip-v6 :(colon) is used to separate the values.


You can see the IP-V6 Address is more complex to Write,They had Added some rules to shorten the ip-v6 address ,To make it more managable for users

How?

Let us consider the following ip-v6 Address



We can shorten the ip Address with the following rules

Rules in shortening the ip-v6 Address



Now with the Above Applied rules in this ip-v6 address



You can write the shorten the IP-v6 Address as







Types of IP-V6 Addresses:

1)Uni-Cast Address
2)multi-cast Address
3)Any-cast Address

Uni-cast Address:
Often referred to as one-to-one communication,Means data or information sent by a single Interface can be delivered to a single Interface only.


2)Multi-cast Address:

Referred as one-to-many communication,Means data or information sent by a single Interface can be delivered to a selected group of Interfaces.

3)Any-cast Address:
Referred to as one-to-closest communication,
Here in this any-cast you got little confused nah?

This is a speciality about IP-V6,It is possible to assign 2 devices in a Network with the same IP-V6 Address,Because it has been Designed in such a way to Address the various load-balancing Issues in IP-v4 networks,Let us come back to the issue,Any-casting means If "A" is the sender and "B" is the receiver (i.e say a Network having 2 machines running the same ip,one in USA and another 1 in UK,And "A" (i.e sender) is located in UK and transmits a message to the receiver, it will be delivered to the IP which is closest to the sender,i.e the data from A will be delivered to the IP of the "B" located in UK,because it is the closest location to the sender,...


As IP-v6 Addressing is kind of big,i want to mention the important Addressing schemes that we need to know

1)Link local scope address
2)unique/site local scope address
3)Global scope Address

Link local scope Address:

It is only used in layer-2 domain communication .

How to find a ip-v6 address is link local address?

It is easy,when a ip-v6 address has "fe80" in the beginning then it is said to be a link local Address,because according to the RFC(As of now),The rule has been set like that,Also "FFFE" is squeezed in the middle



unique/site local scope address:

It is equivalent to the private Ip-Address that we use in the ip-v4
Networks,Always should begins with fd00 in the starting As specified by RFC's..

Currently these Addresses begins with "fd00" and "fc00" according to the RFC's



Global scope Address:
Used in the Internet and routable over internet,And as of now the ip-v6 Global scope Address which are being used as of now always starts with "2001",You can use this to differentiate that the given ip-v6 address is public or private address,


A valid ip-v6 global Address
ex:





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Advantages and issues over IP-V6 Addressing:

Advantages of ip-v6 Address usage
1)Load-balancing would be a very simpler task,when compared to the current ip-v4 network load balancing


2)As we have "340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000" this much of address,it will never gonna need any kind of change in the future.

3)IPv6 includes IP-SEC as one of its core features,so it is possible to implement a default encrypted and tunneled communication between the Networks.

4)As the ip-v6 packet structure are simpler and contains more space for data when compared to the ip-v4 packet structure it will improve the data transfer speed.

See the picture you will understand this




5)Reduces routers hardware utilization as the ip-v6 header structure are simpler than the ip-v4 header,so it wont eat up much cpu resources of the router ...

6)As the concept of BROADCAST is eliminated from IP-V6 ,it can offer much more protection to the Networks from the Sniffing and Flooding Attacks while compared to the IP-V4 Networks..


Draw-backs and Issues related to IP-V6

1)It requires lot of changes in the Networking devices,Applications used and protocols ,which will surely take a lot of money to implement

2)Also you need to do lot of configurations in order for a ip-v4 network to communicate with the ip-v6 network,..

3)Also ip-v6 Address are being mis-used by hackers to bypass the ACL's ,firewalls,routers,IDS,IPS and other ip-v4 Networking security Appliances ,Because most of the Networks were not properly configured to filter the ip-v6 traffic,Now this is started to being looked by the different Network Administrators..



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I know i missed out a few things in IP-V6 Address,Because i left them intentionally,Because IP-V6 involves a lot of types and sub-type addresses,So i cut-short some of the procedures and types,so that you
can understand most of the important parts of ip-v6 addressing,
I would like to add them in the future and want to make this tutorial as an complete reference tutorial for IP-V6 Addressing scheme ..

I had written this tutorial of my own by referring lot's of video's,cisco book and some web-sites,If i did any-thing wrong in this tutorial please Notify here,I will try to correct it,And i hope you guys would like this and i would like to hear some comments about my paper...